chapter4_jccf

Chapter 4


 * __Electromagnetic Radiation__**- A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space


 * __Quantum__**-Energy is the minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.


 * __Wavelength__**- λ-The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves.


 * __Frequency__**- ν-Defined as the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second. (wave/second) 1 w/s=Hertz


 * __Speed of light__**: 3.00 x 108 meters/second

Frequency & Wavelength relationship:


 * __Speed of light__**= wavelength X frequency


 * __Photoelectric effect__**- Refers to the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal


 * __Planck’s Constant__**: 6.626 x 10-34 Joules x Seconds

Relationship between a quantum of energy and frequency of radiation:

Energy= Planck’s constant X Frequency


 * __Photon__**- A particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy

When a narrow beam of the emitted light was shined through a prism, it was separated into 4 specific colors of the visible spectrum. 4 bands of lights were part of hydrogens **__line-emission spectrum.__**


 * __Continuous Spectrum__**- The emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

· Electrons can have only certain energies · Colors are emitted when electrons jump from higher to lower energy levels
 * __Bohr Model__**:


 * __Aufbau Principle__**: the principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available


 * __Pauli Exclusion Principle__**: the principle that states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy state


 * __Hund’s Rule__**: the rule that states that for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons is the maximum possible and these unpaired electrons have the same spin


 * __Noble Gases__**: Noble Gases are all of the elements in the 18th period and they are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon.


 * __ORBITALS__**: High probability regions where electrons are likely to be found

S (1) P (3) Filling order for atoms with more than one electron D (5) F (7)

Louis de Braglie:  -“Inventor” of quantum mechanics -“Electrons, like light, exhibit particle wave duality” -any object exhibits particle/wave duality, but more massive objects tend to behave more like particles


 * __Light exhibits particle and wave duality__**


 * __Light as Wave:__**


 * __Constructive Interference:__** 2 waves that have curtain height to add together to make a bigger wave
 * __Destructive Interference__**: no light; waves cancelling each mother **__out__**
 * __--Double Slit experiment__**


 * __Light as Particle:__**


 * __--Paddle-wheel experiment__**
 * __--Photoelectric effect__**

What is the Electron Configuration for Oxygen?


 * 1) 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
 * 2) 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
 * 1s, 2s, 2p

What is the Electron Configuration for Vanadium?

A.1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 4d3 B. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d3h C. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 4d4

What is the Orbital Diagram for Oxygen?




 * B**

What is the Orbital Diagram for Nitrogen?




 * B**

What is the Noble Gas configuration for Sodium?

What is the Noble Gas configuration for Carbon?
 * 1) [Ar] 3s2, 3p6
 * 2) [Ar] 3p6
 * 3) [Ne] 3s1
 * 4) [Ne] 3s2, 3p6

Determine the wavelength of a wave broadcasted by 93.7 MHz.
 * 1) [Ne] 2s2, 2p6
 * 2) [He] 2s2, 2p2
 * 3) [Ne] 3s2, 3p6
 * 4) [He] 2s2, 2p6

93.7 MHz (106 Hz/1MHz) = 93700000Hz (3.00*108 m/s / 93700000Hz) = 3.20 M